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Oral history interview with Peter J. Paquet [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Peter J. Paquet was conducted by Michael O’Rourke from October 21, 1998, to April 18, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, which is now known as the Northwest Conservation Council. Tape 3 of this interview is missing. The interview was conducted in nine sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted on October 21, 1998, Paquet discusses his family background and early life in Portland, Oregon, including his education, his social life, and his early jobs. He talks about his experiences at the University of Santa Clara in California, including his involvement in the student political movements of the 1960s. He talks about working for NASA after graduating; hiking the Pacific Crest Trail with his brother in 1971; and his experiences as a graduate student studying biology at Portland State University. He also discusses supporting his family by running a leather dressing business.

In the second interview session, conducted on December 15, 1998, Paquet discusses developments in environmental legislation and electricity production in Oregon during the 1970s. He talks about anti-nuclear activist Lloyd Marbet; shares his opinion regarding nuclear power; and speaks at length about working for the Oregon Department of Energy on the Energy Facility Siting Council in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He talks about renewable energy resources, and working with the Bonneville Power Administration.

In the third interview session, conducted on December 23, 1998, Paquet discusses his work with the Northwest Power Planning Council to create a fish and wildlife plan in the early 1980s. He talks about navigating the conflicting interests of power companies, state agencies, Native American tribes, and sport fishers and game hunters. He talks about the life cycle of fish native to the Columbia River, describes how those cycles are disrupted by the dams, and talks about efforts to mitigate these disruptions. He speaks about the reception and implementation of the NWPPC fish and wildlife plan. He also talks about the people he worked with on the plan.

In the fourth interview session, conducted on August 12, 1999, Paquet continues to discuss his work with the Northwest Power Planning Council to create a fish and wildlife plan in the early 1980s. He continues to talk about the life cycle of fish native to the river, describes how those cycles are disrupted by the dams, and talks about efforts to mitigate these disruptions. He continues to speak about the reception and implementation of the NWPPC fish and wildlife plan. He talks about changes to the plan after implementation.

In the fifth interview session, conducted on August 25, 1999, Paquet continues to discuss his work to create a fish and wildlife plan in the early 1980s. He continues to talk about changes to the plan after implementation. He discusses court cases regarding the plan. He talks about other members of the NWPPC, particularly Kai Lee, and describes their contributions to the council. He speaks about fish populations and inter-state politics leading up the 1987 amendment cycle for the fish and wildlife plan.

In the sixth interview session, conducted on September 15, 1999, Paquet continues to discuss fish populations and inter-state politics leading up the 1987 amendment cycle for the fish and wildlife plan. He discusses the changes made to the plan in 1987, the changes in the NWPPC’s goals, and the implementation of the new plan. He talks about tracking fish, about mapping waterway systems, and about the organizational structure of the NWPPC. He then discusses the additional focus on the wildlife portion of the plan in 1991, and talks about the need to preserve habitat.

In the seventh interview session, conducted on September 16, 1999, Paquet continues to discuss the wildlife portion of the fish and wildlife plan. He speaks about the 1991 amendment cycle for the plan, including concerns that salmon could be added to the endangered species list, the contributions of Senator Mark Hatfield, and the development of new energy and fish forecasting models. He discusses the work of the National Marine Fisheries Service in Oregon, the philosophy behind watershed-based planning, and conflicting interests among the Pacific Northwest states in the 1990s.

In the eighth interview session, conducted on April 12, 2000, Paquet speaks at length about the political changes in the Pacific Northwest states in the mid-1990s and how that affected the work of the NWPPC. He speaks about the new council members, about changes in economic factors around power utilities, and about changes in the council’s policies. He also talks about working with a reduced budget in the late 1990s. He talks about the results of an independent science review of the NWPPC’s fish and wildlife plan, and discusses plans for the next amendment cycle in 2001.

In the ninth and final interview session, conducted on April 18, 2000, Paquet discusses Senator Slade Gorton’s role in the NWPPC plan’s 2001 amendment cycle. He speaks at length about members of the council, their roles, their contributions, and their personalities. He compares the council’s efforts to restore salmon populations and habitats to other restoration efforts in the U.S. He also discusses the possible removal of dams on the Snake River. He talks about the status of salmon populations at the time of the interview in 2000, and about international interest in the work of the council, particularly in Eastern Europe. He closes the interview by reflecting on his career and family life since joining the council in 1980.

Paquet, Peter J., 1945-

Oral history interview with Chuck T. Collins [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Chuck T. Collins was conducted by Michael O'Rourke at Collins' home on Mercer Island, Washington, on October 19, 1999. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

In this interview, Collins discusses his family background and talks about his early life on a ranch in Missoula, Montana, and about his teenage years in Spokane, Washington. He talks about his experiences at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., at Gonzaga University in Spokane, and at the University of Washington. He also talks about his marriage to Nancy Querna. He speaks at length about his service as a cavalry platoon leader in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. He also shares his thoughts about the unfairness of the draft system and about the morality of the war. He talks about working with John Spellman in King County government and about serving as director of King County Metro.

Collins speaks at length about representing Washington on the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, from 1981 to 1986. He talks about other members and staff of the council, about the mission and purpose of the council, and about the development of the council's first power and conservation plan. He discusses opposition to the council's Model Conservation Standards and shares his reasons for leaving the NWPPC. He also speaks at length about the bankruptcy of the Washington Public Power Supply System. He talks about the activities of the council after his departure, particularly the change in state politics in the 1990s and how that affected the work and membership of the NWPPC. He also discusses the council's efforts to increase salmon populations in the Columbia River. He discusses his activities since leaving the NWPPC, and talks about his children, their families, and their careers. He closes the interview by speaking further about other members of the council.

Collins, Chuck (Charles T.)

Oral history interview with Bob Saxvik [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Bob Saxvik was conducted by Michael O'Rourke at the Idaho State Historical Society in Boise, Idaho, on August 16, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

In this interview, Saxvik discusses his family background and early life in Minnesota and Iowa, including his experiences during the Depression and his education. He talks about his service in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War, and about his marriage to Marilyn Anne DeMers. He speaks about his career in radio broadcasting at KBAR Radio in Burley, Idaho; discusses his service in the Idaho State Senate from 1971 to 1976; and talks about his role in the administration of Idaho Governor John V. Evans.

Saxvik discusses the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act, then speaks at length about representing Idaho on the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1981 to 1996. He talks about serving as vice chair of the council from 1981 to 1983, about the first meetings of the council, and about his work on the first energy and conservation plan. He discusses opposition to the council's Model Building Codes, talks about the first fish and wildlife plan, and speaks about energy forecasting. He talks about the effect Dan Evans' departure from the council in 1983 had on the organizational structure of the NWPPC. He discusses the development of the fish and wildlife plan over the 1980s and 1990s, and closes the interview by talking about how changing state politics in the 1990s affected the council's work, particularly the conflicts surrounding the council's 1994 fish and wildlife plan.

Saxvik, Bob (Robert William), 1930-2016

Oral history interview with Roy H. Hemmingway [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Roy H. Hemmingway was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at the Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, from August 29 to October 20, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in four sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted on August 29, 2000, Hemmingway discusses his family background and early life in Illinois, including his education and his early political beliefs. He shares his experiences studying international politics at Stanford University and studying environmental law at Yale University, and talks about his international travels in the 1960s. He discusses his reasons for specializing in environmental law, landmark environmental legislation in the 1960s and 1970s, and his involvement with the Oregon Environmental Council. He speaks about working as a lawyer for the Oregon Public Utility Commission, including researching a case against the Bonneville Power Administration and lobbying the Oregon Legislature on energy legislation.

In the second interview session, conducted on September 29, 2000, Hemmingway continues to discuss working for the Oregon Public Utility Commission, and talks about his conflict with PUC chair John J. Lobdell. He speaks at length about the drafting of the 1980 Northwest Power Act, and talks about the people and organizations that were involved. He then talks about representing Oregon on the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1981 to 1986. He describes the organization of the council, talks about the development of the first energy conservation plan and fish and wildlife plan, and speaks about the financial difficulties of the Washington Public Power Supply System.

In the third interview session, conducted on October 6, 2000, Hemmingway continues to discuss representing Oregon on the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1981 to 1986. He talks about opposition to the council’s first plans, particularly the lawsuit against the model building codes, and discusses his reasons for leaving the council in 1986. He speaks about his fellow council members, about interstate conflicts that affected the council’s work in the 1980s, and about the financial difficulties of WPPSS. He also talks about the development of the first NWPPC fish plan and discusses proposals to remove dams on the Snake River.

In the fourth and final interview session, conducted on October 20, 2000, Hemmingway speaks further about some of the NWPPC members, including those who served after he left the council. He shares his thoughts about the 1994 fish and wildlife plan, which he reviewed while working as a policy advisor for Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber; talks about the management of the Bonneville Power Administration, including his candidacy for administrator in the late 1990s; and discusses deregulation of electric utilities. He closes the interview by speaking about his career as an energy consultant, including his work with Portland General Electric, and about his role in Governor Kitzhaber’s administration, from 1995 to the time of the interview.

Hemmingway, Roy H. (Leroy H.), 1946-

Oral history interview with Jim W. Litchfield [Transcript]

Transcript. In the first interview session, conducted on September 21, 2000, Litchfield discusses his family background and early life in Yakima, Washington, including his education at Yakima Valley College. He talks about his experience studying engineering at the University of Washington and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then speaks at length about his work as a consultant with Battelle in the 1970s, including his work on decommissioning the Hanford Nuclear Power Plant. He discusses his service as power planning director for the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1981 to 1992. He talks about his work on the first power and conservation plan; the people he worked with, particularly Dan Evans; and the early organizational structure of the council. He also talks about the council’s relationship with the Bonneville Power Administration and other electric utilities, about the financial troubles of the Washington Public Power Supply System, and about the council’s first fish and wildlife plan.

In the second interview session, conducted on September 22, 2000, Litchfield continues to discuss his service as power planning director for the NWPPC. He talks about the implementation of and opposition to the council’s Model Conservation Standards, discusses how the power surplus of the 1980s affected the council’s work, and shares his reasons for leaving the council in 1992. He also revisits the topic of the financial troubles of the Washington Public Power Supply System. He talks about his work as a consultant after leaving the council, particularly on the Snake River Recovery Team, about his observations of how the council’s work was affected by the changing state politics of the 1990s, and about the controversy surrounding proposals to remove the Snake River dams. He closes the interview by discussing deregulation of electric utilities.

Litchfield, Jim W. (James William), 1948-

Oral history interview with Drew D. Pettus [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Drew Pettus was conducted by Michael O'Rourke on June 5, 2002. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

In this interview, Pettus discusses his family background and early life in Southern California and Bellingham, Washington, including his education and early political ambitions. He talks about his experience at Western Washington University, his association with U.S. Representative Lloyd Meeds, and his experience at the University of California, Berkeley. He speaks briefly about practicing law in Bellingham from 1974 to 1976, after graduating from the Northwestern School of Law. He then talks about working on Meeds' staff as associate counsel on the House Rules Committee, and describes life in Washington, D.C. He discusses serving as chief of staff for U.S. Representative Al Swift, and speaks at length about his work on the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He talks about the inclusion of fish protection and renewable energy sources in the act, about some of the people who also worked on the act, and about opposition to the act. He also discusses the formation of the Northwest Power Planning Council and the council's accomplishments. He closes the interview by talking about his activities since returning to private legal practice in 1989.

Pettus, Drew D. (Drew Douglas), 1946-

Oral history interview with Al Wright [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Al Wright was conducted by Michael O’Rourke from April 15 to October 28, 2002. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in five sessions. Collection includes a transcript.

In the first interview session, conducted on April 15, 2002, Wright discusses his family background and early life in Cloverdale, California. He talks about his education at the University of California at Berkeley, and about his early career as an engineer with Los Angeles Water and Power. He speaks about serving on the Oregon Water Resources Board, conducting a wastewater study in Eugene, and serving on the Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission.

In the second interview session, conducted on May 23, 2002, Wright discusses the history of the Washington Public Power Supply System and its relationship to the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He speaks about the development of the Northwest Power Planning Council, including the leadership of Dan Evans, and lobbying state governors regarding appointments to the council. He talks about his work with the Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee, and the PNUCC’s involvement with the work of the power planning council, particularly the council’s fish and wildlife plan. He also talks about some of the members of the council, and shares the perspectives of electrical utilities regarding the council’s power and conservation plans.

In the third interview session, conducted on July 12, 2002, Wright speaks at length about the relationship between the NWPPC and the Bonneville Power Administration. He discusses his work on the fish and wildlife committee of PNUCC, and speaks at length about the fish and wildlife plan of the council, including the science behind the plan, its effectiveness, and its implementation. He talks about the effectiveness of salmon hatcheries on the Columbia River, and about outcomes for hatchery fish. He discusses the allocation of the BPA budget for fish and energy conservation. He talks about working with some of the members of the council, including Norma Paulus; discusses the interests of electrical utilities in Montana; and speaks about working with the Army Corps of Engineers.

In the fourth interview session, conducted on August 20, 2002, Wright continues to discuss the interests of electrical utilities in Montana and working with some of the members of the NWPPC. He also talks about the interests of electric utilities in Idaho. He describes the impact the addition of some salmon species to the endangered species list in 1989 had on the council.

In the fifth and final interview session, conducted on October 28, 2002, Wright continues to describe the impact the addition of some salmon species to the endangered species list in 1989 had on the council. He speaks about the conflicts surrounding the NWPPC’s 1994 fish and wildlife plan, about the retirement of Ed Sheets, and about the turnover in council members and staff in the 1990s. He shares his reasons for leaving PNUCC after 1995, and talks about running a consulting business. He discusses the work of the NWPPC under the leadership of John Etchart, speaks at length about the deregulation of electric utilities that began in the 1990s, and closes the interview by sharing his opinion on public utilities.

Wright, Al (Albert E.), 1942-

Oral history interview with John N. Etchart [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with John N. Etchart was conducted by Michael O’Rourke from August 8, 2002, to May 26, 2004. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in two sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted in Bend, Oregon, on August 8, 2002, Etchart discusses his family background and early life on a ranch in northeastern Montana, including his education, his family’s political beliefs, and his involvement in athletics. He talks about his experiences at Carroll College in Helena, Montana, and then describes his experiences in the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War. He also talks about studying law at the University of San Francisco, about pursuing a career in education and counseling, and about his marriage to Sarah Fortune Russell. He speaks about serving as the inland states coordinator for the Northern Tier Pipeline, and about his brief service as an under-secretary of the Department of Interior. He then discusses his work as a vice president of the Burlington Northern Railroad. He talks about the election of Montana Governor Marc Racicot, then speaks at length about becoming a council member from Montana on the Northwest Power Planning Council in 1993. He shares his thoughts about the council’s activities in the 1980s, particularly regarding the failure of the Washington Public Power Supply System, and talks about his fellow council members.

In the second interview session, conducted over the telephone on May 26, 2004, Etchart shares his reasons for voting against the NWPPC’s 1994 fish and wildlife plan, talks about how the council changed after the 1994 elections, and speaks at length about the controversy surrounding the departure of Executive Director Ed Sheets. He closes the interview by discussing his work as council chair from 1995 to 2000.

Etchart, John N. (John Newton), 1945-2017

Oral history interview with Diarmuid O'Scannlain, by Michael O'Rourke [Transcript]

Transcript. O'Scannlain discusses his family background and Irish heritage, his childhood in New York City, his education at St. John's Prep and Harvard, his involvement with the National Young Republicans and Trumpeters, his work as a lawyer in Portland, Oregon with the Dave Briggs firm (aka Stoel Rices) and Ragen, Roberts & O'Scannlain, his involvement in Republican politics and the Reagan administration, nuclear power, his appointment to the 9th Circuit Court, and some of the cases he oversaw while on that court.

O'Scannlain, Diarmuid F.

Oral history interview with Timothy J. Gauthier [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Timothy J. Gauthier was conducted by Jim Strassmaier and recorded on video by Michael O'Rourke in the offices of the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) in Portland, Oregon, on September 24, 2008. The interview was conducted as part of the Oregon Labor Oral History Program, which collects oral histories of individuals who have advocated for working people of Oregon.

In this interview, Gauthier discusses his family background and early life in Santa Barbara, California, including his memories of the anti-war protests during the 1960s, surfing, and his family's political and religious beliefs. He talks about his experience at Santa Barbara City College and at Southern Utah State College (now Southern Utah University). He discusses working for the NECA, including his job duties of working with local union chapters and conducting labor negotiations. He also talks about working with the IBEW. He describes the benefits the NECA provides to its members. He speaks about coming to Portland, Oregon, in the early 1980s and working alongside Ed Barnes of IBEW Local 48. He talks about how the recession of the early 1980s affected union members and labor negotiations, and describes NECA's and IBEW's response. He speaks at length about the establishment and success of the Market Recovery Program, which uses union dues to supplement union wages. He also talks about opposition and legal challenges to the program.

Gauthier discusses working with labor attorneys during labor negotiations. He talks about creating a drug testing program and explains the reasons why he felt drug testing was important for union members. He then describes the process of winning job contracts, including how the Market Recovery Program helps. He speaks about the mission and objectives of NECA; describes several of NECA's programs and organizational partnerships; and talks about national recognition for the Oregon-Columbia NECA chapter. He talks about the future of NECA, as well as NECA's charitable work. He closes the interview by discussing his family life.

Gauthier, Timothy J. (Timothy John), 1958-

Oral history interview with Timothy J. Gauthier [Index]

Index. This oral history interview with Timothy J. Gauthier was conducted by Jim Strassmaier and recorded on video by Michael O'Rourke in the offices of the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) in Portland, Oregon, on September 24, 2008. The interview was conducted as part of the Oregon Labor Oral History Program, which collects oral histories of individuals who have advocated for working people of Oregon.

In this interview, Gauthier discusses his family background and early life in Santa Barbara, California, including his memories of the anti-war protests during the 1960s, surfing, and his family's political and religious beliefs. He talks about his experience at Santa Barbara City College and at Southern Utah State College (now Southern Utah University). He discusses working for the NECA, including his job duties of working with local union chapters and conducting labor negotiations. He also talks about working with the IBEW. He describes the benefits the NECA provides to its members. He speaks about coming to Portland, Oregon, in the early 1980s and working alongside Ed Barnes of IBEW Local 48. He talks about how the recession of the early 1980s affected union members and labor negotiations, and describes NECA's and IBEW's response. He speaks at length about the establishment and success of the Market Recovery Program, which uses union dues to supplement union wages. He also talks about opposition and legal challenges to the program.

Gauthier discusses working with labor attorneys during labor negotiations. He talks about creating a drug testing program and explains the reasons why he felt drug testing was important for union members. He then describes the process of winning job contracts, including how the Market Recovery Program helps. He speaks about the mission and objectives of NECA; describes several of NECA's programs and organizational partnerships; and talks about national recognition for the Oregon-Columbia NECA chapter. He talks about the future of NECA, as well as NECA's charitable work. He closes the interview by discussing his family life.

Gauthier, Timothy J. (Timothy John), 1958-

Oral history interview with Riki P. Sheehan [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Riki P. Sheehan was conducted by Michael O'Rourke from June 2-11, 1988, as part of the Senator Mark O. Hatfield Oral History Series. The interview was conducted in three sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted on February 2, 1988, Sheehan discusses her early political career and describes how she joined the staff of Senator Mark Hatfield as a caseworker in 1974. She speaks about working with Hatfield, describes her job duties, and talks about working with other members of Hatfield's staff. She speaks about Hatfield's opposition to the Vietnam War, talks about his personality, and discusses Hatfield's place in the increasingly right-wing Republican Party of the 1980s. She shares examples of cases she worked on.

In the second interview session, conducted on June 7, 1988, Sheehan discusses Hatfield's relationship with other members of Congress, with his staff, and with his family. She speaks at length about serving as Hatfield's legislative aide on the Senate Appropriations Committee, and describes Hatfield's role and accomplishments as chair of that committee.

In the third and final interview session, conducted on June 11, 1988, Sheehan speaks at length about Hatfield's work to secure funding for research and development at Oregon Health and Science University through the Senate Appropriations Committee, and also talks about the committee's funding for AIDS research. She discusses Hatfield's admiration of Mother Theresa, talks about how Hatfield's liberal Republicanism differs from the Republicanism of President Ronald Reagan, and speaks about the 1984 controversy surrounding Hatfield's association with Greek arms dealer Basil Tsakos. She closes the interview by reflecting on Hatfield's accomplishments.

Sheehan, Riki P. (Fredrica Poster), 1951-

Oral history interview with George M. Joseph [Index]

Index. This oral history interview with George M. Joseph was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at Joseph’s home in Portland, Oregon, from August 7 to November 7, 2001, and on February 25, 2002. The portion of the interview recorded on February 25, 2002, was conducted at the Friendship Health Center in Portland, where Joseph was recovering from a broken leg. The first tape of this 27-tape interview features a brief overview of Joseph’s entire life and career. Beginning from Tape 2 of this interview, Joseph discusses his family background and early life in Boise, Idaho, including a store his mother ran in Boise, and the early death of his father from tuberculosis of the bone. He also describes a 1938 visit from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Boise; his awareness of the Depression; the Mormon community in Boise; and his family’s own Catholicism. He also speaks about contracting polio as a child and the lifelong physical issues it caused, as well as his memories of the internment of Japanese-Americans, and other events, during World War II. He then discusses his education, including attending Menlo School in Atherton, California, and Boise Junior College (now Boise State University) in Boise, Idaho; hitchhiking home; and his social life. He also discusses attending the University of San Francisco and Reed College in Portland, Oregon, including his social life and the development of his political views. He speaks at length about a recurrence of polio during his senior year at Reed and the extensive treatment and physical therapy he undertook as a result. He then talks about studying law at the University of Chicago, including his divorce from his first wife, Elizabeth Kalisher, and subsequent marriage to Elizabeth Starr, as well as coming to the realization that he did not want to be a lawyer. He describes Elizabeth Starr’s family background and early life, as well as their wedding and honeymoon. He also talks about his involvement with the Democratic Party, particularly acting as an alternate delegate for the 1956 Democratic National Convention.

Joseph discusses his return to Oregon in 1955 and his early legal career as a law clerk for Oregon Supreme Court Justice George Rossman. He briefly describes the judges on the Oregon Supreme Court at that time, as well as some of the cases Rossman presided over. He discusses teaching law at many different universities outside Oregon, including Ohio Northern University. He then describes working in the Multnomah County district attorney’s office under George Van Hoomisen, as well as his ambitions of becoming a judge. He talks about several cases he prosecuted and making a name for himself as a criminal appellate prosecutor; the focus of the district attorney’s office on vice cases, including an undercover operation that Joseph compromised; and civil rights cases he was involved with, particularly involving the people with mental illnesses. He talks about the creation of the Oregon Court of Appeals and the subsequent increase in the workload of the district attorney’s office; Jacob B. Tanzer and other county-level judges; and his relationship with Multnomah County sheriff, and later Multnomah County commissioner, Don E. Clark. He then talks about his brief career as a lawyer in various private law firms in Portland, his involvement in the passage of the Multnomah County Home Rule Charter, and his ongoing attempts to become a judge. He speaks at length about Multnomah County politics and Don Clark’s accomplishments as county commissioner. He talks about serving as Multnomah County counsel, including working on public power and city-county consolidation. He also discusses briefly teaching at Lewis & Clark College.

Joseph next discusses serving as a judge on the Oregon Court of Appeals from 1977 to 1992. He describes the other judges on the court, including Robert Y. Thornton, Herbert M. Schwab, Betty Roberts, Jason D. Lee and William L. Richardson. He talks about writing opinions, the types of cases he heard, and his staff. He also describes the procedures and operating practices of the court. He shares his observations on the changes in the Oregon Supreme Court since the creation of the Oregon Court of Appeals. He talks about serving as chief judge from 1981 to 1992. He closes the interview by discussing his service on the Board of Bar Examiners and his involvement in the creation of a uniform bar exam, as well as reforms that have been made to the Oregon court system.

Joseph, George Manley, 1930-2003

Oral history interview with Daniel J. Evans [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Daniel J. Evans was conducted by Michael O’Rourke in Seattle, Washington, from February 29 to March 1, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in two sessions. Session 2 begins partway through Tape 3, Side 1. In the first interview session, conducted on February 29, 2000, Evans discusses his family background and early life in Seattle, Washington, including his involvement in the Boy Scouts, and his education. He talks about his service in the U.S. Navy during World War II and the Korean War, and about his marriage to Nancy Bell. He speaks about his service in the Washington State House of Representatives from 1957 to 1965, and talks about some of his fellow legislators, and about some of the legislation he worked on, particularly regarding electrical utilities. He discusses his 1964 campaign for Washington governor, and talks about serving as governor from 1965 to 1977. He speaks about energy issues in the state during the 1970s, particularly focusing on the Washington Public Power Supply System and attempts to create a Columbia Valley Authority. He also discusses serving as president for The Evergreen State College in Olympia. In the second interview session, conducted on March 1, 2000, Evans discusses his role in passing several pieces of environmental protection legislation in Washington, and talks about the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He talks about representing Washington on the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1981 to 1983 and acting as its first chair. He describes the first council meeting, talks about the other first members and staff, and speaks at length about his work on the first fish and wildlife plan. He talks about working with Native American tribes on the fish plan, particularly with Tim Wapato of the Yakama. He then discusses his work on the first power and conservation plan, and talks about opposition to both plans. He briefly speaks about serving in the U.S. Senate from 1983 to 1989. He closes the interview by talking about the activities of the NWPPC since his departure.

Evans, Daniel J., 1925-

Oral history interview with Tim Wapato [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Tim Wapato was conducted by Michael O’Rourke in Portland, Oregon, from August 4 to November 16, 2002. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in three sessions. Session 2 begins partway through Tape 2, Side 1.

Tape 1, Side 1, to partway through Tape 2, Side 1. In the first interview session, conducted on August 4, 2002, Wapato discusses his family background and early life in the Methow Valley, Washington, including his father’s work as an Evangelical minister and his high school experiences. He briefly talks about his college experiences, about working as a smokejumper, and about his U.S. Army service. He then speaks about his 21-year career in the Los Angeles Police Department. He talks about serving as a commissioner on the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission from 1979 to 1980, and discusses setting up a fishery enforcement unit, and case law regarding Native American fishing rights.

Partway through Tape 2, Side 1, through the end of Tape 3, Side 2. In the second interview session, conducted on August 5, 2002, Wapato discusses his service as executive director of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission from 1980 to 1989. He talks about working with the directors of the Oregon and Washington fishery departments, discusses working with the Northwest Power Planning Council on the fish and wildlife plan and on developing the water budget, and speaks at length about his work negotiating the U.S.-Canada Pacific Salmon Treaty. He also talks about lobbying Congress to include fishery protections in the 1980 Northwest Power Act.

In the third and final interview session, conducted on November 16, 2002, Wapato speaks further about lobbying Congress to include fishery protections in the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He then continues to discuss serving as executive director of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, and to talk about working with the NWPPC. He speaks at length about his working relationship with several NWPPC members, particularly Dan Evans and Kai Lee. He also talks about working with the Bonneville Power Administration, about the commission’s lawyer, John Platt, and about his reasons for leaving the commission. He closes the interview by briefly discussing his service as commissioner for the Administration for Native Americans and as director of the Indian Gaming Association.

Wapato, Tim, 1935-2009

Oral history interview with Tom L. Eckman [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Tom L. Eckman was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at the Northwest Power Planning Council offices in Portland, Oregon, from September 16, 1998, to September 29, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in five sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted on September 16, 1998, Eckman discusses his family background and early life on a farm in Galesburg, Illinois, including his education. He briefly talks about studying forestry and environmental science at Southern Illinois University, about working as an environmental science educator in Washington, and about serving as chair of both the Washington Environmental Council and the Washington Chapter of the Sierra Club. He speaks at length about the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act, and about the Washington Public Power Supply System. He talks about working with Ed Sheets, the U.S. senators from Washington, and with administrators from Bonneville Power Administration during and after the passage of the Northwest Power Act. He discusses serving as manager of conservation resources for the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, from 1982 to the time of the interview.

In the second interview session, conducted on December 17, 1998, Eckman continues to speak about the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act, and about the Washington Public Power Supply System. He continues to discuss serving as manager of conservation resources for the Northwest Power Planning Council, and talks about the early activities of the council. He discusses the NWPPC’s 1983 conservation and electric power plan, and talks about the first members of the council.

In the third interview session, conducted on September 21, 1999, Eckman continues to discuss serving as manager of conservation resources for the Northwest Power Planning Council, and to talk about the 1983 conservation and electric power plan. He speaks at length about developing and implementing the model conservation standards for residential and commercial buildings, about opposition to the energy efficient building codes, and about working with Northwest electric utilities on the Super Good Cents program.

Tape 7, Side 1, through Tape 8, Side 1. In the fourth interview session, conducted on May 11, 2000, Eckman continues to discuss serving as manager of conservation resources for the Northwest Power Planning Council. He talks about the conservation and electric power plan amendment processes in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He speaks about factors affecting energy prices in the Northwest, particularly at the BPA, and discusses how changing state politics in the 1990s affected the NWPPC, particularly its fish and wildlife plan.

Tape 8, Side 2, through Tape 9, Side 2. In the fifth and final interview session, conducted on September 29, 2000, Eckman continues to discuss serving as manager of conservation resources for the Northwest Power Planning Council, with a focus on the period between 1995 and the time of the interview. He talks about conducting a comprehensive review of the Northwest power systems and about developing the 1996 version of the conservation and electric power plan. He also speaks at length about the financial situation of the BPA, and about factors affecting its energy prices.

Eckman, Tom L. (Thomas Lester), 1949-

Oral history interview with Owen Panner [Transcript]

Transcript. This interview with Owen Panner was conducted by Michael O'Rourke in Portland, Oregon, on December 19, 2005. In the interview, Panner discusses mandatory sentencing and the effect of politics on the judiciary. He also talks about his plan to move to the District Court in Medford, Oregon. In addition, he discusses the structure and procedures of the District Court; technology in the courts; his involvement with the U.S. District Court Historical Society; and life on his Medford ranch.

Panner, Owen Murphy, 1924-

Oral history interview with Kai N. Lee [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Kai Lee was conducted by Michael O'Rourke at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from May 26-27, 1999. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in two sessions. Access to the interview audio recording is restricted until 2042. An edited transcript is open for research.

In the first interview session, conducted on May 26, 1999, Lee discusses his family background and early life in New York, including his Chinese heritage. He talks about his college education, particularly at the University of California at Berkeley, and about his marriage. He speaks about teaching political science and environmental studies at the University of Washington from 1973 to 1990, describes his experiences during a 1977 White House fellowship, and discusses the development of his interest in energy issues. He talks about his involvement in the development of the Washington Public Power Supply System, and about how energy demand projections in the 1970s led to the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He then discusses representing Washington on the Northwest Power Planning Council from 1983 to 1987. He speaks about a paper he wrote about the failure of WPPSS nuclear power plants 4 and 5, "Path Along the Ridge"; about his efforts to represent all Washingtonians; and about his relationship with Native tribes in the region. He talks about other council members, particularly Dan Evans and Ed Sheets, and discusses opposition to the council's Model Home Standards. He speaks at length about his role in the development of the council's fish and wildlife plan, and reflects on the plan's successes and failures.

In the second interview session, conducted on May 27, 1999, Lee continues to discuss representing Washington on the Northwest Power Planning Council, and briefly reviews many of the topics discussed in session 1. He speaks further about the development of the council's fish and wildlife plan, and about other council members and staff. He also shares his thoughts about nuclear power. He talks about serving on the Board of Environmental Studies and Toxicology, describes taking a sabbatical in Kyoto, Japan, to write the book "Compass and Gyroscope," and shares his reasons for leaving the University of Washington to teach at Williams College. He closes the interview by reflecting on the accomplishments of the NWPPC.

Lee, Kai N.

Oral history interview with Peter T. Johnson [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Peter Johnson was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at the Bonneville Power Administration’s offices, and at the Oregon Historical Society, in Portland, Oregon, and at Johnson's home in McCall, Idaho, from March 1 to September 9, 2002. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in three sessions; Tape 2 is missing, but its content is available in a transcript.

Originally recorded on Tapes 1 and 2; tape 2 is missing. In the first interview session, conducted at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) offices in Portland on March 1, 2002, Johnson discusses his family background and early life in Boise, Idaho, including his education and his recreational activities. He briefly talks about his experiences at Dartmouth College, about his marriage to Carolyn Ann Carley, and about his service in the U.S. Air Force. He speaks about his career in construction, first with the MacGregor Triangle Company from 1957 to 1968, and with the Trus Joist Company from 1968 to 1979. He describes some of the construction jobs he worked on, including for the Bonneville Power Administration and for the University of Idaho. He shares his reasons for seeking a job in government. He also discusses his involvement in the Republican Party and serving on the transition team for President Ronald Reagan.

In the second interview session, conducted at the Oregon Historical Society in Portland on May 6, 2002, Johnson discusses his service as administrator of the BPA. He talks about the people he worked with at the BPA, and speaks at length about his handling of the failure of the Washington Public Power Supply System’s plan to build nuclear power plants. He talks about his early days as BPA administrator, particularly about developing a mission statement and a strategic plan, and about stabilizing BPA’s finances. He then discusses working with the Northwest Power Planning Council and focuses on his working relationship with NWPPC chair Dan Evans.

In the third and final interview session, conducted at Johnson’s home in McCall, Idaho, on September 9, 2002, Johnson speaks further about the failure of the WPPSS nuclear power plants. He then speaks further about working with the NWPPC; discusses working with individual council members, particularly Dan Evans, Kai Lee, and Bob Saxvik; and talks about BPA lawyer Mike Katz. He talks about his relationship with members of Congress from the Pacific Northwest, particularly Mark Hatfield and James McClure. He also talks about his successor at BPA, Randy Hardy, as well as his predecessor, Sterling Monroe; about members of his staff; and about his relationship with the CEOs of other electric utilities, particularly Don Frisbee of PacifiCorp. He also talks about the construction of additional power houses at the Bonneville Dam. He shares his reasons for leaving the BPA in 1986, talks about his retirement activities, and discusses his service on various governmental committees regarding nuclear power. He closes the interview by talking about the work of the NWPPC after his retirement, particularly the political conflicts that arose around the council in the 1990s, and about deregulation of electric utilities.

Johnson, Peter, 1932-

Oral history interview with Freeman Holmer [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Freeman Holmer was conducted by Michael O'Rourke from May 17-24, 1988, as part of the Senator Mark O. Hatfield Oral History Project. The interview was conducted in two sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted on May 17, 1988, Holmer briefly discusses his family background and early life in the Midwest, including his college experience, his World War II service, and his early political beliefs. He discusses teaching political science at Willamette University from 1949 to 1959, and meeting fellow faculty member Mark Hatfield. He talks about Hatfield's friendship with Travis Cross, Hatfield's spirituality, and his own involvement with the Republican Party. He discusses Hatfield's campaign for Oregon secretary of state; talks about serving as director of elections from 1957 to 1959; and describes other members of Hatfield's staff. He then talks about Hatfield's campaign for Oregon governor; about his own service as director of the Department of Finance and Administration from 1959 to 1966; and about Hatfield's staff. He also talks about Hatfield's marriage to Antoinette Kuzmanich. He talks about Hatfield's agenda as governor, particularly government reorganization, and about Hatfield's emergency response to a flood in 1964.

In the second interview session, conducted on May 24, 1988, Holmer discusses Hatfield's relationship with other prominent Oregon politicians, including Tom McCall, as well as members of the business community. He discusses Hatfield's position on some controversial issues, particularly the Vietnam War. He then describes his own efforts toward Oregon's economic development; Hatfield's keynote address at the 1964 Republican National Convention; and attending governors' conferences. Holmer then discusses his activities since leaving Hatfield's staff when Hatfield was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1966. He talks about serving as director of environmental protection for the state of Wisconsin from 1966 to 1968. He closes the interview by discussing his continued relationship with Hatfield.

Holmer, Freeman

Oral history interview with Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at the St. Regis Hotel in New York, New York, from May 19-20, 1999. In this interview, Kohlberg discusses his experiences as a law clerk for Judge Gus Solomon from 1952 to 1953, including some of the cases Solomon heard, and Solomon’s commitment to helping Jewish lawyers. He also briefly describes many of the lawyers and judges he met while in Portland, Oregon. He then talks about returning to New York to practice law and his continued relationship with Gus Solomon and Libby Solomon. He speaks at length about purchasing Fred Meyer in 1981 through his investment firm, Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts (KKR & Co.), including his interactions with Fred G. Meyer, Oran B. Robertson, and Gerry Pratt. He closes the interview by briefly discussing how KKR has continued to manage Fred Meyer since its purchase.

Kohlberg, Jerome, Jr., 1925-2015

Oral history interview with Ed W. Sheets [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Ed W. Sheets was conducted by Michael O’Rourke at the Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, from November 10, 1998, to September 28, 2000. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, which is now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in eight sessions.

Tape 1, Side 1, through Tape 2, Side 1. In the first interview session, conducted on November 10, 1998, Sheets discusses his family background and early life in Spokane, Washington, and in Portland, Oregon, including his education and his early political beliefs. He talks about his experiences studying political science at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, including his involvement with the college radio station, and an internship with the Rhode Island state legislature. He also talks about his opposition to the Vietnam War. He shares his experiences as a graduate student at the University of Washington school of communications, including producing a series of programs on the environment for local television stations.

Tape 2, Side 2, through Tape 3, Side 2. In the second interview session, conducted on November 15, 1998, Sheets continues to discuss programs on the environment that he produced while at UW. He talks about his marriage to Ronda Skubi. He talks about working as a special assistant to U.S. Senator Warren Magnuson from 1977 to 1981, and speaks at length about Magnuson’s political career, and about some of the energy and environmental issues he worked on for the senator.

In the third interview session, conducted on November 25, 1998, Sheets continues to discuss his work as special assistant to U.S. Senator Warren Magnuson, and speaks at length about the passage of the Northwest Power Act of 1980. He speaks about the history of public and private power utilities in the Pacific Northwest leading up to the passage of the act, particularly the Bonneville Power Administration and the Washington Public Power Supply System; and describes how the Northwest Power Act led to the creation of the Northwest Power Planning Council. He talks about other members of Magnuson’s staff, and about Magnuson’s unsuccessful 1980 re-election campaign.

In the fourth interview session, conducted on January 22, 1999, Sheets discusses serving as director of the Washington State Energy Office during Governor John Spellman’s administration in 1981, particularly focusing on working with the Washington State Legislature to create the NWPPC. He talks about serving as the first executive director of the NWPPC, about the first members of the NWPPC, and about the first NWPPC meetings.

In the fifth interview session, conducted on June 15, 1999, Sheets continues to talk about serving as the first executive director of the NWPPC, about the first members of the NWPPC, and about the first NWPPC meetings. He discusses the first plans and recommendations produced by the council regarding salmon population loss mitigation at hydro-electric dams, power production, and energy conservation. He talks about the council’s relationship with the BPA and other electric utilities in the Pacific Northwest, about its relationship with federal agencies, and about its relationship with the public. He speaks about opposition to the council’s recommendations, including lawsuits.

In the sixth interview session, conducted on June 24, 1999, Sheets continues to talk about serving as the first executive director of the NWPPC. He speaks further about opposition to the council’s plans, particularly from the BPA, and about the council’s relationship with federal agencies and with local Native American tribes. He discusses the NWPPC fish and wildlife plan, which aimed to conserve salmon populations, and talks about the plan’s implementation. He speaks about the conflicting interests among the Northwest states during the plan’s amendment processes in the 1980s and 1990s.

In the seventh interview session, conducted on November 8, 1999, Sheets continues to talk about serving as the first executive director of the NWPPC. He briefly talks about changes in the council’s membership during the 1980s and 1990s. He speaks about the NWPPC energy conservation plan, and about the plan’s implementation. He talks about changes to the NWPCC’s fish and wildlife plan during the 1990s.

In the eighth and final interview session, conducted on September 28, 2000, Sheets continues to talk about serving as the first executive director of the NWPPC. He speaks further about the changes to the NWPPC’s fish and wildlife plan during the 1990s. He talks about political changes in some Northwest states during the 1990s and about how that affected the council and its plans; speaks about leaving the council in 1995; and discusses the actions of the council since his departure. He talks about the life cycle of salmon and about the importance of restoring salmon habitats. He discusses his activities since leaving the council, particularly his work as a consultant for Native tribes. He closes the interview by talking about deregulation of electric utilities and power rates.

Sheets, Ed W. (Edward Wendell), 1949-

Oral history interview with Randy W. Hardy [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with Randy W. Hardy was conducted by Michael O’Rourke from June 11 to September 10, 2002. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council. The interview was conducted in two sessions.

In the first interview session, conducted in Portland, Oregon, on June 11, 2002, Hardy discusses his family background and early life in a military family. He speaks at length about his career in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam War, and shares his opinion about the war. He talks about his graduate studies in public affairs at the University of Washington, about his marriage to Jane Van Leuven, and about his reasons for leaving the Navy. He discusses his work with the Federal Energy Administration in the late 1970s.

In the second interview session, conducted in Spokane, Washington, on September 10, 2002, Hardy continues to discuss his work with the Federal Energy Administration in the late 1970s, and talks about the passage of the 1980 Northwest Power Act. He speaks at length about the development and failure of the Washington Public Power Supply System, talks about the management of the Bonneville Power Administration in the 1980s, and about the relationship between the NWPPC and the BPA. He then speaks at length about his work as executive director of the Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee. He also talks about serving as superintendent of Seattle City Light, shares his thoughts about the NWPPC’s model conservation standards, and speaks at length about his service as CEO of the BPA in the 1990s. He also discusses the effects of the deregulation of electric utilities, talks about how changing state politics in the 1990s affected the work of the NWPPC, and speculates about the future of energy utilities in the Pacific Northwest. He closes the interview by talking about his activities since leaving the BPA in 1997.

Hardy, Randall W.

Oral history interview with John Harrison and John Shurts [Transcript]

Transcript. This oral history interview with John Harrison and John Shurts was conducted by Michael O'Rourke on May 21, 1998. The interview was conducted as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council Oral History Project, which documented the history and purpose of the Northwest Power Planning Council, now known as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council.

In this interview, Harrison and Shurts speak at length about the origins of the 1980 Northwest Power Act, and describe the provisions of the bill. They describe the power planning and fish conservation responsibilities of the Northwest Power Planning Council. They speak about the challenges the council faced in its attempts to protect salmon populations, and about the application of the Endangered Species Act in the Pacific Northwest. They discuss how the changing politics in the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s affected the council's work. They speak at length about the relationship between the Northwest Power Planning Council and the Bonneville Power Administration, particularly regarding funding.

Harrison, John